Glatiramer Acetate

also known as: Copaxone, Glatopa, Copolymer 1

A synthetic peptide polymer for multiple sclerosis — one of the first disease-modifying therapies for MS, mimicking myelin basic protein to shift the immune response from attack to tolerance.

A heterogeneous mixture of synthetic polypeptides composed of L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-alanine, and L-tyrosine in a defined molar ratio, immunologically mimicking myelin basic protein and approved for relapsing MS since 1996.

Mechanism of action

Acts as an altered peptide ligand that competes with myelin basic protein for MHC class II binding on antigen-presenting cells. Promotes a Th1→Th2 shift, induces regulatory T cells (Tregs), increases BDNF production by immune cells, and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. The immunomodulatory effect is gradual, reducing relapse rates over months.

Primary uses

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Clinically isolated syndrome

Typical dosing

20–40 mg 20 mg daily or 40 mg 3x/week (subcutaneous)

FDA-approved dosing. Injection site reactions are the most common side effect.

Regulatory status

FDA-approved in 1996 (Copaxone, Teva) for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Generic versions (Glatopa, Sandoz) approved 2015. Available as 20 mg daily or 40 mg three times weekly SC injection.

References

[clinical-trial] Johnson KP, et al. "Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis." Neurology, 1995;45:1268-1276.
[fda-pi] Copaxone (glatiramer acetate) Prescribing Information. Teva Pharmaceuticals.

Related peptides

Thymosin α1

The most clinically studied thymic peptide — approved in 35+ countries as Zadaxin for hepatitis B and C, with 30+ RCTs across more than 11,000 subjects. Not FDA-approved despite extensive global use.

VIP

An endogenous 28-amino-acid peptide with vasodilatory, bronchodilatory, and immunomodulatory effects; explored in sarcoidosis, CIRS/mold illness, and acute respiratory distress.

Disclaimer

This entry is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Dosing information reflects published regulatory or research data and is not a recommendation. Many compounds described here are not approved for human use in the United States. Consult a licensed medical professional before considering any peptide therapy.