Angiotensin-(1-7)
The arm of the renin-angiotensin system that opposes angiotensin II, from forearm infusions to cancer and COVID-19 trials
The renin-angiotensin system is best known for angiotensin II, which narrows blood vessels and raises blood pressure. Angiotensin-(1-7) is a shorter fragment, made largely by the enzyme ACE2, that works the other way: through the Mas receptor it widens vessels and opposes angiotensin II's growth-promoting effects. Infused into the human forearm it increases blood flow; given as an injection it has been tested to protect blood counts during chemotherapy and in severe COVID-19. It is not an approved medicine.
Used in human trials: 400 µg/kg, Once daily, 5 days on, 3-week cycle, Subcutaneous injection (Phase I: advanced solid tumours (recommended phase II dose)) Details ↓
Recommended Dosing
Used in human trials
No manufacturer dose exists for this use: these are amounts given in published trials, not recommendations.
Work out syringe units → · New to syringes? · All dosing data ↓
What is it?
The renin-angiotensin system controls blood pressure and fluid balance. Its best-known product, angiotensin II, narrows blood vessels and promotes growth and inflammation. Angiotensin-(1-7) is a seven-residue fragment formed from angiotensin peptides, largely by the enzyme ACE2, and it is the counterweight: acting through the Mas receptor, it opposes angiotensin II's effects. A 2000 review lays out this counter-regulatory role, and a 2025 review covers the same pathway in the brain.
Its effects have been measured directly in people. Infused into the forearm artery, angiotensin-(1-7) increased blood flow in both healthy volunteers and patients with high blood pressure, and it potentiated the vessel-widening effect of bradykinin through nitric oxide in healthy men. One forearm study found the vasodilation did not depend on nitric oxide, so the mechanism is not settled. In the kidney it widened vessels in people with high blood pressure, less so when the renin-angiotensin system was more active or an artery was narrowed. In obesity and in women who had had preeclampsia, it improved vessel function and blunted angiotensin II's constriction.
Because angiotensin-(1-7) stimulates blood-cell progenitors in the bone marrow, it was tested to protect blood counts during chemotherapy. In breast-cancer patients, a daily injection reduced low platelet, red-cell and white-cell counts at 100 micrograms/kg; in ovarian-cancer patients a 100 micrograms/kg dose cut severe low platelets and preserved chemotherapy dose intensity, while 300 did not.
As an anticancer agent in its own right, a phase I study set a recommended dose and saw some disease stabilisation in sarcoma, but the follow-up phase II trial in metastatic sarcoma did not confirm the biomarker effect, though two patients with vascular sarcomas had prolonged stabilisation. In COVID-19, a seamless phase 1-2 trial found a seven-day infusion safe; the main efficacy endpoint was not met, though a pooled analysis suggested more oxygen-free days. Observational studies repeatedly found a low angiotensin-(1-7) relative to angiotensin II in severe COVID-19.
Angiotensin-(1-7) is not approved anywhere. No half-life figure appeared in the sources read. A modified analogue, aclerastide, and the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II both have their own entries.
Mechanism of Action
Angiotensin-(1-7) is made largely by ACE2 from angiotensin peptides and acts through the Mas receptor as the counterweight to angiotensin II, widening blood vessels and opposing its growth-promoting effects.
Vasodilation via the Mas receptor
Through the Mas receptor it widens blood vessels; in the human forearm it raises blood flow and strengthens bradykinin's effect.
Counter to angiotensin II
It opposes angiotensin II's vasoconstriction and growth signals, and a higher Ang-(1-7) to Ang II ratio tracks better outcomes in heart failure and COVID-19.
Bone-marrow progenitors
It stimulates blood-cell progenitors in the marrow, the basis for trials aimed at protecting blood counts during chemotherapy.
Published Research
These are studies of angiotensin-(1-7) read from their PubMed abstracts: forearm and kidney infusion studies in people, the cancer and COVID-19 trials, an exercise study, prognostic cohorts, and two reviews. Studies of the enzyme ACE2 and of drugs that block the system are not carded here.
Strengthens bradykinin's vessel-widening through nitric oxide
In a placebo-controlled crossover study, intra-arterial angiotensin-(1-7) at 1000 pmol/min roughly tripled the forearm vasodilation caused by bradykinin in eight healthy men, in a dose-dependent way. The effect was abolished by blocking nitric oxide synthase, and angiotensin-(1-7) did not change responses to two other dilators.
Widens the forearm circulation
Intra-arterial angiotensin-(1-7) raised forearm blood flow dose-dependently by about 29% at the top dose in eight healthy and eight hypertensive subjects, with a similar effect in both groups. Here the vasodilation was not changed by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, so it appeared independent of nitric oxide.
Favourable vascular actions in obesity
In obese patients, intra-arterial angiotensin-(1-7) raised resting forearm flow, improved insulin-stimulated vessel widening, and blunted endothelin-1-driven constriction, pointing to it as a way to counter the vascular problems of obesity.
Improves microvascular function after preeclampsia
In 13 women who had had preeclampsia and 13 controls, locally applied angiotensin-(1-7) increased nitric-oxide-dependent vessel widening and reduced angiotensin II-driven constriction in the women with a preeclampsia history, suggesting it as a therapeutic target for their lasting vascular dysfunction.
Renal vasodilation depends on system activity
In 57 hypertensive patients, intrarenal angiotensin-(1-7) widened kidney vessels on a sodium-rich diet, but the effect was blunted by low sodium intake, by co-infusing angiotensin II, or both; the prevailing renin level was the only independent predictor of the response.
Reduced renal effect with artery narrowing
Angiotensin-(1-7) raised kidney blood flow in hypertensive controls but much less in kidneys with atherosclerotic renal artery narrowing; the contralateral non-narrowed kidneys responded normally, so the blunted response was local to the stenotic kidney.
Phase I cancer study sets a dose
In 18 patients with advanced solid tumours, daily subcutaneous angiotensin-(1-7) was given in escalating doses. Dose-limiting toxicities (a stroke and reversible cranial neuropathy) appeared at 700 micrograms/kg; other effects were mild. One patient had a 19% tumour reduction and three had disease stabilised over three months. The recommended phase II dose was 400 micrograms/kg.
Phase II in metastatic sarcoma
In metastatic sarcoma, subcutaneous angiotensin-(1-7) at 20 mg daily was well tolerated but did not confirm the earlier biomarker effect; median progression-free survival was 2.7 months and overall survival 10.2 months, with prolonged stabilisation in two patients with vascular sarcomas.
Protecting blood counts after chemotherapy
In newly diagnosed breast-cancer patients, angiotensin-(1-7) given around chemotherapy caused no dose-limiting toxicity and, at 100 micrograms/kg per day, reduced grade 2-4 low platelets, anaemia and grade 3-4 low lymphocytes compared with filgrastim, suggesting a benefit across several blood lineages.
Phase II: fewer severe low-platelet episodes
In a randomised, placebo-controlled phase II study of 34 ovarian, fallopian or peritoneal cancer patients on gemcitabine and platinum chemotherapy, angiotensin-(1-7) at 100 micrograms/kg produced no grade 4 low platelets, raised the platelet rise from baseline and preserved chemotherapy dose intensity; the 300 micrograms/kg dose did not differ from placebo.
Phase 1-2 infusion in severe COVID-19
In ICU patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, a continuous intravenous angiotensin-(1-7) infusion up to 10 mcg/kg/day for up to seven days was safe; the phase 2 primary endpoint of oxygen-free days was not met, though a pooled phase 1-2 analysis found more oxygen-free days with treatment. The trial was stopped early for slow recruitment.
Oral formulation in cyclists: no performance gain
In a double-blind crossover study of 21 recreational mountain-bike athletes, an oral HPβCD-angiotensin-(1-7) formulation (0.8 mg) did not improve time-trial or repeated-sprint performance, but it lowered resting lactate, helped maintain blood glucose after sprints, raised resting nitrite and reduced resting diastolic blood pressure.
Oral formulation eases muscle damage
In a randomised study, seven days of an oral angiotensin-(1-7) formulation reduced pain, lowered creatine kinase and TNF-alpha, and preserved strength after eccentric-overload exercise compared with placebo.
A higher Ang-(1-7)/Ang II ratio predicts better heart-failure outcomes
In 110 heart-failure patients followed a median 5.1 years with mass-spectrometry angiotensin profiling, a higher angiotensin-(1-7) to angiotensin II ratio predicted better survival and shorter hospital stays; the individual peptide levels alone did not predict outcome.
Angiotensin II/Ang-(1-7) imbalance and COVID-19 outcome
In 74 patients with moderate or severe COVID-19, angiotensin II was higher and angiotensin-(1-7) lower than in controls despite higher ACE2 activity; a high angiotensin II to angiotensin-(1-7) ratio independently predicted death.
Low Ang-(1-7) tracks inflammation in COVID-19
Across 230 patients, angiotensin-(1-7) was lower in those with COVID-19, and each 10-pg/mL increase was linked to about a 3% lower chance of hospitalisation and of needing oxygen; it was inversely related to inflammatory markers and d-dimer, though the control group was less ill.
The counter-regulatory arm of the system
The review sets out angiotensin-(1-7) as a product of angiotensin processing that, alongside other fragments, mediates actions of the renin-angiotensin system, with a focus on its interaction with kinins and its role in counteracting angiotensin II's vasoconstrictor and growth-promoting effects.
The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway in the brain
This review covers the ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor pathway in the central nervous system, where the renin-angiotensin system helps control cardiovascular, metabolic and stress-coping functions, and its involvement in the brain mechanisms of high blood pressure.
Dosing Data
Angiotensin-(1-7) is not approved as a medicine anywhere. These are amounts from published human studies, as stated in their abstracts: injections and infusions in trials, and local forearm infusions used only to measure blood flow.
Educational information, not medical advice. Each dose above is tagged with its source: an approved label, a published human study, animal data, or amounts reported by users. None is a recommendation for you. An unapproved compound has no established safe or effective human dose, and products sold for “research use only” are not made or tested for people. Talk to a doctor before acting on anything on this site, including before you start, stop or change any medicine or dose. Full medical disclaimer.
What a Buyer Needs to Know
What is sold, how it is mixed, stored and taken, and what is known about its safety, quality and legal status. Each part names its source. Where we have none, it says unknown.
What is sold
Unknown: we hold no label and no published test that says what forms or vial sizes Angiotensin-(1-7) is sold in. A vial's own label is a seller's claim, not a source.
Mixing a vial: a worked example
An arithmetic example, not a recommendation: a 10 mg vial mixed with 3 mL of bacteriostatic water holds 3,333.3 mcg per mL, so 20 mg, the “Phase II: metastatic sarcoma” row would be 600.0 units, more than a 1 mL U-100 syringe holds. Put your own vial's numbers into the reconstitution calculator.
Source: dose: Used in human trials, PMID 27895527 (Dosing Data below); vial and water: the calculator's default example, not a vial size we have a source for.
Storage before and after mixing
Unknown: no label or published stability study on file says how to store Angiotensin-(1-7), before or after mixing. The mixing guide sets out the general rules, with their sources: keep a mixed vial in the fridge, and use it promptly, as the bacteriostatic water label says of any drug dissolved in it. The 28 days often quoted is the limit for an opened multiple-dose vial from a manufacturer, an outer limit set for sterility, not a time a mixed solution has been shown to keep. Nobody has published how long Angiotensin-(1-7) stays intact once mixed.
How it is taken
As it was given in human studies: Subcutaneous injection (Once daily, 5 days on, 3-week cycle; Phase I: advanced solid tumours (recommended phase II dose)); Intravenous (Continuous infusion; Phase 1-2: severe COVID-19 in the ICU); Intra-arterial (forearm) (Local infusion over 5 minutes per step; Study: forearm vasodilation (research, local)).
For injection technique, sites and needle disposal, see the mixing guide.
Source: Used in human trials: the route and frequency of each row in Dosing Data below.
What to expect, and when
How long it stays in the body: not established by a measurement cited on this entry.
How long the doses were given: Phase I: advanced solid tumours (recommended phase II dose): Until progression or toxicity; Phase II: ovarian-cancer chemotherapy support: Per cycle; Phase 1-2: severe COVID-19 in the ICU: Up to 7 days.
When effects appear: unknown; no source on this page gives a time to effect for Angiotensin-(1-7). Results reported in the studies are under Published Research.
Source: Used in human trials, the duration of each row in Dosing Data below.
Side effects, and when to stop or get help
From the Side Effects section: Dose-limiting toxicities at 700 micrograms/kg in the phase I cancer study: a stroke and reversible cranial neuropathy; lower doses were generally mild (PMID 19920106); In the COVID-19 trial one serious event, bradycardia, was judged possibly related to the infusion (PMID 39231898); No long-term safety data; most human exposure is short. Full list and cautions ↓
When to stop or get help: unknown; no label or trial on file sets rules for stopping Angiotensin-(1-7). Treat a severe or unexpected reaction as a reason to stop and see a doctor.
Source: the Side Effects section below (“From the trials above”).
Interactions
- bradykinin: in healthy men it potentiated bradykinin's forearm vasodilation dose-dependently, through nitric oxide
- ACE inhibitors (with bradykinin): in heart failure patients on ACE inhibitors it had no effect alone and did not change bradykinin's vasodilation
Every peptide's record, with its source: the interaction matrix.
Source: human study, PMID 11677365; human study, PMID 10489393.
Checking what you bought
Unknown: no published independent test of Angiotensin-(1-7) products is in our lab-results database yet, so how products sold under this name measure up is not known.
To read a certificate of analysis, paste it into the COA decoder; it checks the measured mass against Angiotensin-(1-7)'s expected mass, 899.0 Da, from this entry's molecular data. Trust & Verification explains what independent testing can and cannot show.
Legal status
US: Research Chemical (Not approved anywhere in the sources read). Sport: Prohibited (S0 catch-all).
Country by country ↓ · Regulatory tracker
Source: this entry's approval status and the WADA Prohibited List, as in Legal Status below.
Side Effects & Contraindications
Reported Side Effects
From the trials above.
Contraindications & Cautions
No product label exists. These cautions follow from the evidence.
Legal Status
Angiotensin-(1-7) is an investigational peptide; it is not approved as a medicine anywhere in the sources read.
Frequently Asked Questions
?What is angiotensin-(1-7)?
A seven-amino-acid fragment of the renin-angiotensin system, made largely by the enzyme ACE2, that acts through the Mas receptor to counter angiotensin II, the hormone that narrows vessels and raises blood pressure.
?What does it do in people?
Infused into the forearm it widens blood vessels and strengthens bradykinin's effect. In trials, injections were tested to protect blood counts during chemotherapy and, by infusion, in severe COVID-19.
?Is it an approved medicine?
No. It has been through phase I and phase II trials in cancer and a phase 1-2 trial in COVID-19 but is not approved anywhere, and the efficacy results have been mixed.
?Does it lower blood pressure?
It widens vessels locally and opposes angiotensin II, and a higher ratio of angiotensin-(1-7) to angiotensin II tracks better outcomes in heart failure, but it is not used as a blood-pressure treatment.
?What was its role in COVID-19?
Severe COVID-19 showed a low angiotensin-(1-7) relative to angiotensin II. A trial infusing it was safe but did not meet its main efficacy endpoint.
?How long does it last in the blood?
No figure was found in the sources read; its parent angiotensin II lasts under a minute in plasma.
References
- [clinical-trial] Ueda S, et al. "Angiotensin(1-7) potentiates bradykinin-induced vasodilatation in man." J Hypertens, 2001;19(11):2001-9. PMID: 11677365.
- [clinical-trial] Sasaki S, et al. "Effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on forearm circulation in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension." Hypertension, 2001;38(1):90-4. PMID: 11463766.
- [clinical-trial] Schinzari F, et al. "Favorable Vascular Actions of Angiotensin-(1-7) in Human Obesity." Hypertension, 2018;71(1):185-191. PMID: 29203627.
- [clinical-trial] Stanhewicz AE, et al. "Local angiotensin-(1-7) administration improves microvascular endothelial function in women who have had preeclampsia." Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2020;318(1):R148-R155. PMID: 31577152.
- [clinical-trial] van Twist DJ, et al. "Angiotensin-(1-7)-induced renal vasodilation in hypertensive humans is attenuated by low sodium intake and angiotensin II co-infusion." Hypertension, 2013;62(4):789-93. PMID: 23918750.
- [clinical-trial] Van Twist DJ, et al. "Angiotensin-(1-7)-induced renal vasodilation is reduced in human kidneys with renal artery stenosis." J Hypertens, 2014;32(12):2428-32; discussion 2432. PMID: 25208127.
- [clinical-trial] Petty WJ, et al. "Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of angiotensin-(1-7), an endogenous antiangiogenic hormone." Clin Cancer Res, 2009;15(23):7398-404. PMID: 19920106.
- [clinical-trial] Savage PD, et al. "Phase II Trial of Angiotensin-(1-7) for the Treatment of Patients with Metastatic Sarcoma." Sarcoma, 2016;2016:4592768. PMID: 27895527.
- [clinical-trial] Rodgers KE, et al. "Phase I/II dose escalation study of angiotensin 1-7 [A(1-7)] administered before and after chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer." Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2006;57(5):559-68. PMID: 16096787.
- [clinical-trial] Pham H, et al. "Pharmacodynamic stimulation of thrombogenesis by angiotensin (1-7) in recurrent ovarian cancer patients receiving gemcitabine and platinum-based chemotherapy." Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2013;71(4):965-72. PMID: 23370663.
- [clinical-trial] Martins ALV, et al. "Angiotensin-(1-7) infusion in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU: a seamless phase 1-2 randomized clinical trial." Ann Intensive Care, 2024;14(1):139. PMID: 39231898.
- [clinical-trial] Silva de Moura S, et al. "Effects of oral HPΒCD-angiotensin-(1-7) supplementation on recreational mountain bike athletes: a crossover study." Phys Sportsmed, 2024;52(1):65-76. PMID: 36752064.
- [clinical-trial] Becker LK, et al. "Eccentric Overload Muscle Damage is Attenuated By a Novel Angiotensin- (1-7) Treatment." Int J Sports Med, 2018;39(10):743-748. PMID: 29940668.
- [pubmed] Wang K, et al. "Elevated Angiotensin 1-7/Angiotensin II Ratio Predicts Favorable Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure." Circ Heart Fail, 2020;13(7):e006939. PMID: 32580658.
- [pubmed] Amezcua-Guerra LM, et al. "The prognostic importance of the angiotensin II/angiotensin-(1-7) ratio in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection." Ther Adv Respir Dis, 2022;16:17534666221122544. PMID: 36082632.
- [pubmed] Carpenter RM, et al. "Repressed Ang 1-7 in COVID-19 Is Inversely Associated with Inflammation and Coagulation." mSphere, 2022;7(4):e0022022. PMID: 35913134.
- [review] Santos RA, et al. "Angiotensin-(1-7): an update." Regul Pept, 2000;91(1-3):45-62. PMID: 10967201.
- [review] Campagnole-Santos MJ, et al. "ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas and the brain." Brain Res, 2025;1863:149739. PMID: 40456479.
- [pubmed] Machado-Silva A, et al. "Therapeutic uses for Angiotensin-(1-7)." Expert Opin Ther Pat, 2016;26(6):669-78. PMID: 27121991.
- [other] PubChem CID 123805, Angiotensin-(1-7): formula C41H62N12O11, molecular weight 899.0. Read October 28, 2026. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/123805
Sources & Citations
Every study on this page was read from its PubMed record on October 28, 2026. Molecular data come from PubChem (CID 123805); regulatory status from Drugs@FDA (openFDA) and the EMA medicines list, read the same day. Grey Peptides sells nothing and links to no vendor.
Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, and nothing here is an instruction to obtain or use any compound. Talk to a licensed clinician about your own situation.