Glypromate
IGF-1's first three residues, a brain tripeptide that protected neurons in animal studies. Its modified analogue trofinetide became an approved drug for Rett syndrome.
Glypromate (Gly-Pro-Glu, GPE) is the N-terminal tripeptide of insulin-like growth factor 1, an endogenous small peptide spread through the brain. In rats it protected the cortex's somatostatin system from beta-amyloid, and a 2023 review describes neuroprotective effects across models of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease, limited by its poor pharmacokinetics. That limit drove more than 100 analogues, one of which, trofinetide, was approved in the US in 2023 for Rett syndrome. Glypromate itself is not a medicine.
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Recommended Dosing
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Mechanism of action
Neuroprotective in animal models (2023 review); in rats given beta-amyloid, three intraperitoneal doses partly restored cortical somatostatin content and receptors (2004).
Primary uses
- Research: neuroprotection (animal models)
- Parent molecule of trofinetide
Typical dosing
No human dose: the studies read used rats or are reviews; no amount given to people is stated.
Regulatory status
Not a medicine: Drugs@FDA and the EMA medicines list hold no record for glypromate (searched October 28, 2026). Its analogue trofinetide is a separate, approved drug.
Status as of this entry's last review, October 28, 2026. Approvals, compounding rules and sport rules change; the regulatory tracker is checked more often.
What we checked
Glypromate is IGF-1's N-terminal tripeptide and the parent of an approved drug; this section records what can be checked.
Identity, computed
| Sequence | Gly-Pro-Glu (GPE) |
| Formula | C12H19N3O6 |
| Average mass | 301.3 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic mass | 301.1274 Da |
| Isoelectric point | 3.85 (net charge -1.02 at pH 7) |
The sequence Gly-Pro-Glu is the one PubChem records for glypromate (CID 3080768); the values below are computed for the free acid and agree with PubChem's formula.
Regulatory status, read October 28, 2026
Drugs@FDA: 0 records for “glypromate”. EMA medicines list: 0 records for “glypromate”. Run for semaglutide, the same queries return 6 and 5 records (and the registry search 80 trials), so a zero here is an absence, not a broken search. Not named on the WADA 2026 and 2027 Prohibited Lists. As a substance with no current approval for human therapeutic use, it falls under section S0 (non-approved substances), which is prohibited at all times; the lists were read on October 28, 2026.
What the studies show
A 2023 review covers its chemistry, its neuroprotective effects across disease models and more than 100 analogues made to improve its pharmacokinetics (Silva-Reis et al., 2023).
In ovariectomised rats given beta-amyloid, glypromate partly restored the cortical somatostatin system (Aguado-Llera et al., 2004).
Its analogue trofinetide was approved in the US in March 2023 for Rett syndrome (Keam, 2023).
What we looked for and did not find
No treatment trial of glypromate itself in the sources read and no drug approval.
| Source | Query | Results, October 28, 2026 | What it was |
|---|---|---|---|
| PubMed | glypromate[tiab] OR "glycine-proline-glutamate"[tiab] | 53 | includes trofinetide papers that name its parent |
| ClinicalTrials.gov | glypromate | 0 | |
| Drugs@FDA (openFDA) | glypromate | 0 | |
| EMA medicines list | glypromate | 0 |
References
- [other] PubChem CID 3080768, Glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid (Glypromate): formula C12H19N3O6, molecular weight 301.30. Read October 28, 2026. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3080768
- [review] Silva-Reis SC, et al. "Concise Overview of Glypromate Neuropeptide Research: From Chemistry to Pharmacological Applications in Neurosciences." ACS Chem Neurosci, 2023;14(4):554-572. PMID: 36735764.
- [pubmed] Aguado-Llera D, et al. "Gly-Pro-Glu protects beta-amyloid-induced somatostatin depletion in the rat cortex." Neuroreport, 2004;15(12):1979-82. PMID: 15305149.
- [review] Keam SJ. "Trofinetide: First Approval." Drugs, 2023;83(9):819-824. PMID: 37191913.
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Guides & tools
This entry is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Dosing information reflects published regulatory or research data and is not a recommendation. Many compounds described here are not approved for human use in the United States. Consult a licensed medical professional before considering any peptide therapy.