Can You Reuse Needles and Syringes? Sterility, Sharps Disposal and Travel

📋 Key takeaways

Use a new needle and syringe for every injection and never share either. CDC's rule is "One Needle, One Syringe, Only One Time", and FDA's guidance for syringe makers asks for labels that say "single use only".¹⁵

The strongest reason not to reuse your own needle is not pain: in a 12-week randomized trial, reusing insulin syringes five times did not worsen pain or blood sugar, but it did increase lumps under the skin (lipohypertrophy).¹² Across 51 studies, needle reuse roughly tripled the odds of those lumps.¹³

Sharing is where the infections are. Insulin labels warn that sharing a needle, syringe or pen risks passing on blood-borne infections, even if the needle is changed.⁷⁸

A used needle cannot be made sterile again at home. Alcohol does not kill spores and evaporates quickly; sterile devices are processed by validated methods such as steam, radiation or ethylene oxide.¹⁹²¹

Used sharps go straight into a sharps container. FDA accepts a heavy-duty plastic household container when an FDA-cleared one is not available, but what you do with the full container depends on your state and town.²³²⁵

Can you reuse a needle or syringe?

No. Every agency and label this page cites says a needle and syringe are for one injection, and none gives a safe number of reuses. CDC's injection-safety guidance tells clinicians to "use a new sterile syringe and needle for each patient", says that "once used, the syringe and needle are both contaminated and must be discarded", and sums it up as "One Needle, One Syringe, Only One Time".¹ Its page for patients says providers "must discard both needles and syringes once used".² WHO's injection toolkit says: "DO NOT reuse a syringe, even if the needle is changed".¹⁷

The rest of this section explains why, starting with the evidence people often hear about: that reusing a needle a few times is harmless. Some of that evidence is real, and it is reported here as it stands.

What reuse does to the needle tip, and to pain

Needles for injecting under the skin are very thin, and their tips are ground to a fine bevel. Studies of what reuse does to them disagree:

In a Swiss study, reviewers looked at 123 electron-microscope pictures of insulin pen needles used up to four or five times. Used needles could be told apart from new ones, but the reviewers could not tell how many times a needle had been used, and pain did not rise over 270 injections with the same needles.⁹
A study of 30 people with type 2 diabetes tested 18 needle designs, including needles made to resemble reused ones. Small "needle hooks" on the tip and missing lubricant made the needle harder to push in and caused more skin trauma, measured as blood flow in the skin, but did not change the pain people reported.¹⁰ Its authors worked for an insulin and pen-needle maker.
In a veterinary laboratory study on piglet skin from carcasses, electron microscopy showed "appreciable damage" to the tip after 12 uses, and the force needed to puncture the skin rose with heavy reuse.¹¹

So the honest summary is that a needle used a handful of times is visibly worn but has not been shown to hurt more; heavier reuse dulls and bends the tip. Pain is not the main reason to use a new needle.

Lumps under the skin (lipohypertrophy)

Lipohypertrophy is a thickened, rubbery lump of fatty tissue at a spot that has been injected again and again. Insulin absorbed from a lump can be unpredictable. This is where the reuse evidence is most consistent:

In a randomized trial, 71 adults with type 2 diabetes who already reused their insulin syringes were told either to stop or to reuse each syringe and needle five times. After 12 weeks the reuse group had a modest increase in lipohypertrophy and nodules, but no worse pain, blood sugar control, skin complications overall or microbial contamination of the syringes.¹²
A 2025 meta-analysis of 51 studies found that the strongest risk factor for lipohypertrophy was not rotating injection sites (odds about 8.9 times higher), followed by reusing needles (about 3.2 times).¹³
A Greek national survey of 701 insulin users found lipohypertrophy in 55%; the risk was higher in people who reused needles, did not rotate sites or had no regular teaching on injection.¹⁵

All of these studies are of insulin, which itself encourages fat to grow where it is injected, so how far the size of the effect carries over to other injected drugs is not known (our reasoning). The direction of the evidence, and the advice to use a new needle and move the injection site, is the same.

Reuse is common, which is why it gets studied

In a 2026 survey of 500 US adults who reuse insulin pen needles, about 70% used each needle two to five times and about 30% six times or more; convenience, habit, waste and cost were the reasons given.¹⁴ A US insurance-claims study found that many people with diabetes filled fewer pen needles than one per injection would need.³⁴ Common is not the same as safe: both studies were written to argue for more teaching against reuse.

Infection

For one person reusing their own needle, documented skin infections are rare. A study that cultured and sequenced used pen needles found no biological signal on 95% of them, and its authors, from a university and an insulin maker, note the lack of documented skin infections from insulin injections in research.¹⁶ The 2024 trial found no difference in contamination between reused and new syringes.¹² That is not a licence to reuse: a needle that has been through skin is no longer sterile, CDC says a used syringe and needle are "contaminated",¹ and the studies above followed people for weeks, not the months or years of real use (our reasoning).

Sharing is different, and dangerous. Insulin labels require patients never to share needles or syringes, because "sharing poses a risk for transmission of blood-borne pathogens", and Lantus's label says a pen must never be shared "even if the needle is changed".⁷⁸ CDC says unsafe injections can spread hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV,² that insulin pens must never be used for more than one person because blood may be in the pen after use,³ and, for anyone who injects, to "never share injection equipment".⁴

Putting a used needle back into a vial

A reused needle can also contaminate the vial it goes back into, and a home-mixed peptide vial is entered again and again for weeks. WHO says to use "a sterile syringe and needle for each insertion into a multidose vial", and CDC's rules for clinicians are never to enter a vial with a syringe or needle used on someone else, and never to leave a needle in the stopper to draw from later, because that "creates a direct route for microorganisms to enter the vial and contaminate the fluid".¹¹⁷ A contaminated vial affects every dose drawn after it, not just one (our reasoning). How long a multi-dose vial can be used, and what the preservative in bacteriostatic water does and does not do, are covered in the bacteriostatic water guide, with the reasons it matters most when you mix your own vials.

What the labels say

FDA's guidance to syringe makers asks for labelling that reads "sterile, single use only, nonpyrogenic, nontoxic" where it applies, and describes insulin syringes as "typically sterile, single-use with a needle".⁵ So the words "single use" on a syringe package are the maker's statement of how the device was designed and tested, not a suggestion. Nothing in its labelling says the device stays safe after a first use (our reasoning).

What "sterile" means, and keeping it that way

What the word on the package means

A device labelled sterile has been through a sterilization process the maker had to validate. FDA asks makers of devices labelled sterile to state a sterility assurance level of 10^-6 (one in a million) for devices that go through the skin; that is, in our gloss, the expected chance that any one unit still carries a living microorganism after the process.⁶ Common methods are steam, dry heat, radiation and ethylene oxide gas.²¹ Sterility is a property of the sealed package: once the seal is broken or the needle has touched something, the guarantee is gone.

Check the package before you open it

WHO says to inspect the packaging to make sure "the protective barrier has not been breached", and to throw the device away if the package is "punctured, torn or damaged by exposure to moisture, or if the expiry date has passed".¹⁷
Open it just before use, and do not let the needle touch anything; WHO's wording is "DO NOT allow the needle to touch any contaminated surface".¹⁷
Clean your hands before you start preparing an injection; WHO lists hand hygiene before "preparing injection material and giving injections".¹⁷

Alcohol on the skin and on the vial stopper, then let it dry

The vial stopper. CDC's infection-control plan says to "disinfect the rubber septum with alcohol and allow the alcohol to dry prior to piercing", and to clean vial tops with 70% alcohol.¹⁸ WHO says the same: wipe the stopper with 70% isopropyl alcohol or ethanol, let it air-dry, and do not touch it afterwards.¹⁷
The skin. WHO's toolkit says to apply a 60 to 70% alcohol solution on a single-use swab "for 30 seconds then allow it to dry completely".¹⁷ Use a fresh swab each time; WHO says not to use cotton wool that has been pre-soaked in alcohol.¹⁷

Letting it dry is part of the step, not a courtesy. The swab only reduces what is on the surface; it does not sterilize it, and the guidance in both cases is to wait until the alcohol has dried before the needle goes in.¹⁷¹⁸

Why boiling, wiping or rinsing does not make a used needle sterile again

Alcohol is not a sterilant. CDC's disinfection guideline says alcohols "are not recommended for sterilizing medical and surgical materials" because they do not kill bacterial spores and cannot get through protein-rich material such as dried blood, and that they evaporate quickly.¹⁹ Wiping a needle with a swab, or rinsing a syringe with alcohol, falls in that category.
Anything that enters tissue must be sterile. CDC's classification says objects that enter sterile tissue or the bloodstream "must be sterile", which is a higher bar than disinfection.²⁰
Boiling is not one of the validated methods. Sterile devices are processed by methods such as steam under controlled conditions, dry heat, radiation or ethylene oxide, under standards FDA recognizes.²¹ A pan of boiling water at home has no validation, cannot reach inside a narrow needle reliably, and a plastic syringe and its lubricant were not designed to be heated (our reasoning).
Bleach lowers risk; it does not sterilize. CDC's sheet for people who inject drugs says that if needles are shared, cleaning them with bleach "can greatly reduce" the risk of HIV and hepatitis, while its first advice is new equipment every time and never sharing.⁴ Reducing risk is not the same as making a needle safe to share.

Never share, in any form

Not a needle, not a syringe even with a new needle, not a pen, and not a vial that someone else's used needle has been in. CDC's rules forbid each of these in clinics; the same reasons apply at a kitchen table (our reasoning).¹³¹⁷

Getting rid of used needles and syringes

Step 1: straight into a sharps container

FDA's advice is a two-step process. First, put every used needle and syringe into a sharps disposal container immediately after use, and keep the container out of reach of children and pets.²⁵ FDA-cleared sharps containers are made of rigid plastic, have a line marking when they are full, come in travel sizes, and are sold through pharmacies, medical supply companies, health care providers and online.²³ FDA also suggests asking your insurer whether it covers containers, and asking a drug's maker whether it supplies one free.²⁴

If you do not have an FDA-cleared container, FDA says some organizations and community guidelines recommend a heavy-duty plastic household container, such as a laundry detergent bottle. Whatever you use should be:²³

made of heavy-duty plastic;
closable with a tight-fitting, puncture-resistant lid that sharps cannot come out through;
upright and stable during use;
leak-resistant; and
properly labelled to warn of hazardous waste inside.

Local guidance fills in the label. New Hampshire's environmental agency, for example, says to use a thick-walled plastic bottle, tape the screw-on lid and label it "SHARPS – DO NOT RECYCLE";²⁸ Baltimore's health department says to label it "SHARPS".²⁹ A clear plastic bottle, such as a milk or water jug, is not puncture-resistant and is not recommended.²⁶

Things FDA says never to do

Do not throw loose needles into the trash, flush them, or put them, or a container holding them, in the recycling bin: "they are not recyclable".²⁴
Do not try to remove, bend, break or recap a needle used by another person, and do not take a needle off a syringe without a needle clipper, because it can fly off and injure someone.²⁴
Do not overfill: when the container is about three-quarters full, it is time to get rid of it, and FDA says not to reuse sharps containers.²⁵

Step 2: the full container, which depends on where you live

FDA says disposal programs "vary depending on where you live", and to check with your local trash service or health department.²⁵ The options it lists are:²⁵

Drop boxes and supervised collection sites: some doctors' offices, hospitals, pharmacies, health departments, medical waste facilities, and police or fire stations; free or for a small fee.
Household hazardous waste collection sites: the public sites that also take paint, cleaners and motor oil.
Mail-back programs: certain FDA-cleared containers can be mailed to a collection site, usually for a fee; follow the container maker's instructions for labelling.
Residential special-waste pick-up: a fee-based service in some communities.

Not every site takes sharps from the public. SafeNeedleDisposal.org notes that, unless a law requires it, pharmacies, hospitals and fire stations usually cannot accept full containers, because they pay for their own medical-waste disposal.²⁶ Whether a sealed container can go out with household trash is a state and local question: some places allow it, and in California residents must take sealed containers to a drop-off site or use mail-back, and never put sharps in the trash, loose or in a container.²⁷

Finding your local rule. FDA's disposal page points people to Safe Needle Disposal (1-800-643-1643, safeneedledisposal.org) for state information: the containers allowed, local programs, how to label and seal a container, and whether it can go in the trash.²⁵ The site has a state map and a ZIP-code search. It is run by NeedyMeds, a national nonprofit, which took it over in 2014 from the Coalition for Safe Community Needle Disposal; its listed supporters include medical-waste businesses, and its listings are directories, not endorsements.²⁶ Your county or city health department or solid-waste department has the final word for your address (our reasoning, following FDA's advice to check locally).²⁵

Travelling with syringes

Unused syringes are allowed through US airport security "when accompanied by injectable medication", and must be declared to the officers at the checkpoint. TSA recommends, but does not require, that medication be labelled.³¹
Used syringes are allowed in carry-on and checked bags "when transported in Sharps disposal container or other similar hard-surface container".³²
Liquid medication: TSA allows larger amounts of medically necessary liquids "in reasonable quantities for your flight". Tell the officer before screening, put the liquids, syringes and ice packs in a separate bin, and say so if you do not want a liquid X-rayed or opened.³⁰
Carry a travel-size sharps container. FDA advises always carrying one, keeping medicines labelled with the type of medicine and the maker or a pharmacy label, and bringing a letter from your doctor.²⁵

TSA's rules are about airport security; they do not say whether a given substance is legal to carry, and other countries have their own rules on medicines and syringes, so check the destination before you fly (our reasoning). The state-law page covers possession under US state law.

If you are stuck by someone else's used needle

FDA's first-aid advice for being stuck by another person's used needle or sharp:²²

Wash the area right away with soap and water, or use a skin antiseptic such as rubbing alcohol or hand sanitizer.
Get medical attention at once: call your doctor or local hospital.
Do the same if someone's blood or body fluid gets in your eyes, nose or mouth or on your skin.

Speed matters. Medicine taken after a possible HIV exposure (post-exposure prophylaxis, PEP) "must be started within 72 hours"; CDC says to talk right away to a health care provider, an emergency room doctor or an urgent care provider.³³ A clinician will also consider hepatitis B and C (our reasoning, following FDA's list of the infections used sharps spread).²² A prick from your own clean, unused needle is a different matter from a stick with someone else's used one; the advice above is for the second.

Printable checklist

The short version of this page. The button prints only the checklist.

Reuse, sterility and disposal: checklist (greypeptides.com/syringes/reuse-sterility-and-disposal/, October 28, 2026)

Before

☐ A new needle and syringe for this injection, never one used before or by anyone else
☐ Package sealed, not torn, punctured or damp, and in date
☐ Hands cleaned
☐ Vial stopper wiped with 70% alcohol and left to dry; not touched afterwards
☐ Skin wiped with an alcohol swab and left to dry completely
☐ Needle opened just before use and kept off every surface
☐ Sharps container within reach

After

☐ Used needle and syringe straight into the sharps container, not recapped by anyone else
☐ No needle left in the vial stopper
☐ Next injection at a different spot
☐ Container about three-quarters full? Close and seal it

Disposal and travel

☐ Household container (if no FDA-cleared one): heavy-duty plastic, tight lid, labelled, not see-through
☐ Never in the recycling, never loose in the trash, never down the toilet
☐ Local rule checked: trash allowed, drop-off, household hazardous waste or mail-back (Safe Needle Disposal, 1-800-643-1643)
☐ Flying: declare syringes and liquid medicine at screening; used sharps in a hard container

If stuck by someone else's used needle

☐ Wash with soap and water at once
☐ Call a doctor or hospital now; HIV PEP must start within 72 hours

Each line comes from the sections above, where its source is cited: CDC and WHO for the injection steps,¹¹⁷¹⁸ FDA for containers and disposal,²³²⁴²⁵ TSA for flying,³¹³² and FDA and CDC for needle-sticks.²²³³

Frequently asked questions

Can I reuse my own needle if nobody else uses it?

It is not recommended. In a 12-week trial, reusing insulin syringes five times did not worsen pain or blood sugar but did increase lumps under the skin, and a 2025 meta-analysis linked needle reuse with about three times the odds of those lumps. Labels and CDC say one needle, one syringe, one time.¹²¹³¹

Does wiping a needle with alcohol make it sterile again?

No. CDC's disinfection guideline says alcohol is not recommended for sterilizing medical materials: it does not kill spores, cannot get through dried blood or other protein, and evaporates quickly.¹⁹

Can I boil a syringe to sterilize it?

No. Sterile devices are processed by validated methods such as steam under controlled conditions, radiation or ethylene oxide; boiling at home is not one of them, and a plastic syringe is not made to be heated.²¹

Do I need to swab the vial stopper every time?

Yes. CDC and WHO both say to wipe the stopper with alcohol before each puncture and let it dry first.¹⁷¹⁸

Can I put a full sharps container in the household trash?

It depends on your state and town. Some allow a sealed container in the trash; California, for one, does not. Check with your local health or solid-waste department, or Safe Needle Disposal's state pages.²⁵²⁷

Can I recycle a detergent bottle full of needles?

No. FDA says needles are not recyclable and must never go in the recycling bin, and New Hampshire, for example, says to label the bottle SHARPS - DO NOT RECYCLE.²⁴²⁸

Can I fly with syringes?

In the US, unused syringes are allowed through security when accompanied by injectable medication and must be declared; used ones must be in a sharps or similar hard container.³¹³²

What should I do if I am stuck by someone else's used needle?

Wash the area with soap and water right away and get medical attention at once. HIV post-exposure prophylaxis must start within 72 hours.²²³³

Syringes hub Buying syringes: the law in every state Sizes, needles, and units versus mL Injecting under the skin Insulin syringe units explained Reconstitution calculator Bacteriostatic water guide How to reconstitute peptides The grey-market buyer's guide Dosing guides and dosing boxes Syringe glossary

Sources

Agency pages are cited with the date each shows; studies were found and checked on PubMed. All read October 28, 2026, except the two insulin labels, read from DailyMed on October 27, 2026.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Unsafe Injection Practices (Injection Safety: clinical safety). Last reviewed March 26, 2024; read October 28, 2026. Source
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Safe Injection Practices and Your Health (Injection Safety, for patients). Last reviewed March 26, 2024; read October 28, 2026. Source
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Considerations for Blood Glucose Monitoring and Insulin Administration (Injection Safety). Last reviewed March 18, 2024; read October 28, 2026. Source
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV and Injecting Drugs 101 (consumer information sheet). October 2022; read October 28, 2026. Source
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance on the Content of Premarket Notification [510(k)] Submissions for Piston Syringes (final guidance, April 1993; labelling, section II.B.3.b; insulin syringes, section I.C.4). Read October 28, 2026. Source
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Submission and Review of Sterility Information in Premarket Notification (510(k)) Submissions for Devices Labeled as Sterile (guidance; document issued January 8, 2024), on the sterility assurance level of 10^-6. Read October 28, 2026. Source
Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LANTUS (insulin glargine) prescribing information, section 5.1 (never share a pen, insulin syringe or needle). DailyMed set d5e07a0c-7e14-4756-9152-9fea485d654a, version 35, effective June 2, 2025; read October 27, 2026. Source
Eli Lilly and Company. HUMULIN R (insulin human) prescribing information, section 5.1 (never share needles or syringes). DailyMed set b519bd83-038c-4ec5-a231-a51ec5cc291f, version 35, effective June 16, 2026; read October 27, 2026. Source
Puder JJ, Atar M, Muller B, Pavan M, Keller U. Using insulin pen needles up to five times does not affect needle tip shape nor increase pain intensity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;67(2):119-23. PMID 15649570. Source
Præstmark KA, Jensen ML, Madsen NB, Kildegaard J, Stallknecht BM. Pen needle design influences ease of insertion, pain, and skin trauma in subjects with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2016;4(1):e000266. PMID 28074137 (authors from a university and an insulin and pen-needle maker). Source
Owen K, Blackie N, Gibson TJ. The effect of needle reuse on piglet skin puncture force. Vet Sci. 2022;9(2):90. PMID 35202343 (laboratory study on piglet cadaver skin). Source
Berlanda G, Telo GH, Gossenheimer AN, et al. Impact of syringe and needle reuse on the clinical outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12-week randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(12):2146-2154. PMID 39405489. Source
Mader JK, Fornengo R, Hassoun A, et al. Risk factors for lipohypertrophy in people with insulin-treated diabetes: a systematic meta-analysis. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2026;20(4):1342-1352 (published online March 2025). PMID 40109173. Source
Guzman S, Bellini N, Hughes L, et al. Insulin pen needle reuse in U.S. adults with diabetes: a cross-sectional survey study on patterns, motivations, and educational implications. Diabetes Ther. 2026;17(4):529-546. PMID 41735759. Source
Kaisidis A, Papazafiropoulou A, Papadokostaki E, et al. The Hellenic study on insulin technique and administration (HELITA). Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2026;21(3):231-243. PMID 42009605. Source
Wareham-Mathiassen S, Bay L, Glenting VP, Fatima N, Bengtsson H, Bjarnsholt T. Injection site microflora in persons with diabetes: why needle reuse is not associated with increased infections? APMIS. 2022;130(7):404-416. PMID 35460122 (authors from a university and an insulin and pen-needle maker). Source
World Health Organization. Best practices for injection, chapter 2 of WHO Best Practices for Injections and Related Procedures Toolkit. Geneva: WHO; March 2010 (sections 2.1.4 skin preparation, 2.2.1 to 2.2.4 devices and septum vials). Read October 28, 2026. Source
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Basic Infection Control and Prevention Plan for Outpatient Oncology Settings (sections IV.D.1 and IV.E: alcohol on vial septa, allowed to dry). Last reviewed April 15, 2024; read October 28, 2026. Source
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chemical Disinfectants (Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008: alcohol). Last reviewed November 28, 2023; read October 28, 2026. Source
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A Rational Approach to Disinfection and Sterilization (Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008: critical items). Last reviewed November 28, 2023; read October 28, 2026. Source
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Sterilization for Medical Devices. Content current as of May 14, 2025; read October 28, 2026. Source
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Safely Using Sharps (Needles and Syringes) at Home, at Work and on Travel (including what to do if accidentally stuck). Content current as of November 19, 2021; read October 28, 2026. Source
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Sharps Disposal Containers (FDA-cleared containers and the household-container alternative). Content current as of April 28, 2021; read October 28, 2026. Source
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. DOs and DON'Ts of Proper Sharps Disposal. Content current as of April 28, 2021; read October 28, 2026. Source
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Best Way to Get Rid of Used Needles and Other Sharps. Content current as of August 10, 2023; read October 28, 2026. Source
SafeNeedleDisposal.org (a project of NeedyMeds, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit; formerly the Coalition for Safe Community Needle Disposal): home page with state map and ZIP search, About Us, Supporters, Disposal Options and FAQ pages. Undated; read October 28, 2026. Source
SafeNeedleDisposal.org. What to Do with Used Sharps in California. Undated; read October 28, 2026. Source
New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. Sharps and infectious waste (blog). Undated; read October 28, 2026. Source
Baltimore City Health Department. Safe Disposal at Home (sharps). Undated; read October 28, 2026. Source
Transportation Security Administration. Medications (TSA Cares: disabilities and medical conditions). Undated; read October 28, 2026. Source
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Transportation Security Administration. What Can I Bring? Used Syringes. Undated; read October 28, 2026. Source
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing HIV with PEP. Last reviewed December 2, 2024; read October 28, 2026. Source
Lupton L, Sun X, Javadi P, et al. Pen needle use patterns in an insured population with diabetes: U.S. retrospective claims analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2024;64(4):102124. PMID 38759794. Source

This section explains syringes in plain words; it is not medical or legal advice. Grey Peptides sells nothing, links to no seller and rates none. If you have injected something and feel unwell, contact a clinician or Poison Help (1-800-222-1222 in the US); in an emergency call 911.

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